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A Lightweight Hybrid Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Decentralized Device-to-Device Communication with

Asday Savón-Berenguer¹, Sorin-Aurel Moraru¹, Juan Carlos García-Naranjo²

¹Department of Automatics and Information Technology, Transilvania University of Brasov (UnitBv), 500036 Brasov, Romania.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a hybrid protocol for secure device-to-device (D2D) communication in 6G and IoT systems. It ensures quantum-resistant security and efficient authentication without a trusted third party.

Keywords:

IPFS authentication and key agreement protocol device-to-device post-quantum

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Computer Science
Cybersecurity
Telecommunications

Background:

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is crucial for future 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, demanding secure, infrastructure-independent connectivity.
Establishing secure session keys between unknown devices without a trusted third party presents significant challenges, especially against quantum adversaries.
Existing solutions often lack a balance between quantum resilience and computational efficiency for decentralized D2D networks.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a lightweight, hybrid authentication and key agreement protocol for decentralized D2D communication.
To ensure secure session key establishment resistant to both classical and future quantum attacks.
To eliminate the reliance on an online trusted third party (TTP) during protocol execution.

Main Methods:

Combines InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)-assisted distributed key discovery with a two-message protocol.
Utilizes post-quantum key encapsulation (PQC) for long-term confidentiality.
Employs elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for efficient real-time authentication under classical security assumptions.

Main Results:

Achieves mutual authentication under classical ECC assumptions.
Establishes secure session keys with post-quantum confidentiality.
Demonstrates resistance against common security attacks.
Removes the need for an online TTP during protocol execution.

Conclusions:

The proposed protocol offers a practical trade-off between quantum resilience and computational efficiency.
It provides a competitive and practical solution for secure decentralized D2D communication in IoT and 6G environments.
The hybrid approach addresses the differing temporal security needs of confidentiality and authentication.