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Enhancing Separation Performance of PA Nanofiltration Membrane Through Polyelectrolyte PSS Interlayer and Surface

Fotios Panagiotou¹, Georgia Zafeiropoulou¹, Franceska Gojda^2,3

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.

|May 27, 2026

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a novel three-layer nanofiltration membrane by incorporating a poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) interlayer and polyethyleneimine grafting. This enhanced membrane achieves higher water permeability and salt selectivity for improved water purification.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Environmental Science

Background:

Thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) membranes are crucial for water purification.
A significant challenge in TFC membrane development is the selectivity-permeability trade-off.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate a novel three-layer structured NF membrane to overcome the selectivity-permeability trade-off.
To enhance both water permeability and salt rejection simultaneously.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a three-layer NF membrane using poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) interlayer, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based PA separation layer, and a PEI-grafted top layer.
Utilized interfacial polymerization (IP) and surface grafting techniques.
Characterized membrane properties including surface charge, crosslinking degree, pure-water permeability (PWP), and salt rejections.

Keywords:

TFC membrane nanofiltration salt rejection water permeability

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Main Results:

The fabricated membrane (I-TFC-g) exhibited a positive surface charge and increased crosslinking degree.
Achieved significantly higher rejection rates for divalent ions (e.g., 91% for MgCl2, 92% for MgSO4) via synergistic Donnan and size-exclusion mechanisms.
The PSS interlayer increased PWP by 2.8 times compared to the non-layered membrane, reaching 7 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹.
Demonstrated good long-term stability with high salt rejections for various salts (MgCl2, MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl).

Conclusions:

A simple yet effective strategy was developed to enhance NF membrane performance.
Simultaneous improvement in water permeability and salt selectivity was achieved.
The novel three-layer structured membrane shows great potential for advanced water purification and reclamation.