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Anonymous Diaper-Based Meconium Collection for Ethyl Glucuronide Analysis: A Pilot Feasibility Study.

Mirjami Jolma1, Mikko Koivu-Jolma2,3, Nunzia La Maida4

  • 1Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.

Toxics
|May 27, 2026
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Summary

Anonymous collection of infant diapers for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) analysis is feasible for detecting prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). This method shows promise for sensitive research, with 8% of samples indicating significant PAE.

Keywords:
ethyl glucuronidemeconiumprenatal alcohol exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Toxicology
  • Neonatal Research

Background:

  • Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a significant public health issue.
  • Maternal self-reporting of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is often unreliable.
  • Meconium analysis offers a biomarker for late-gestation alcohol exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of anonymously collecting meconium-containing diapers for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) analysis.
  • To evaluate the stability of EtG in meconium samples after frozen storage and international transport.
  • To examine the intra-pair consistency of EtG levels in samples from the same newborn.

Main Methods:

  • Mothers collected newborn diapers containing meconium.
  • Samples were divided into two aliquots, frozen at -80 °C, and analyzed for EtG.
  • Quantitative EtG analysis was performed, with specific limits of quantification and cutoff values.

Main Results:

  • Out of 178 collected diapers, 137 were analyzable for EtG.
  • Quantifiable EtG (≥10 ng/g) was detected in 11 samples, with 2 samples (one pair) exceeding 30 ng/g, indicating significant PAE.
  • High intra-pair agreement for EtG concentrations was observed, supporting biomarker and analytical method robustness.

Conclusions:

  • Anonymous, diaper-based meconium collection is operationally feasible but demanding.
  • The detection of EtG in 8% of samples suggests PAE remains a concern.
  • Further research is needed to overcome participation and methodological challenges for prevalence estimation.