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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Primary Symptoms of COPD:
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Updated: May 28, 2026

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction Three Years After COVID-19: A Multicenter Observational Study.

Xinyu Hu1, Jingwen Li1, Lin Chen2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A small percentage of COVID-19 survivors experience persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) three years post-infection. This long-term smell loss is linked to anxiety and insomnia in older adults.

Keywords:
COVID-19anxietyobservational cohort studyolfactory dysfunctionsleep disorder

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Published on: September 13, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a frequent complication of SARS-CoV-2.
  • The long-term prevalence and contributing factors of post-COVID-19 OD beyond two years are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of persistent olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 survivors approximately three years after infection.
  • To identify associated demographic, psychological, and sleep-related factors.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter observational study involving 155 recovered COVID-19 patients and 170 healthy controls.
  • Objective olfactory function assessment using Toyota-Takagi (T&T) olfactometry at 3-year follow-up.
  • Collection of demographic, clinical, psychological, and sleep data via structured interviews.

Main Results:

  • 4.5% of recovered patients exhibited persistent quantitative olfactory dysfunction (T&T-defined) three years post-infection, primarily individuals over 50.
  • Insomnia and anxiety were significantly associated with persistent OD (OR 5.35 and 10.54, respectively).
  • Emotional and sleep disturbances were common, with trends suggesting higher prevalence in women and older individuals.

Conclusions:

  • A small subset of COVID-19 survivors experience persistent objective olfactory dysfunction three years after infection.
  • Persistent OD in this cohort was associated with pre-existing anxiety and insomnia.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms and long-term impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.