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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Published on: August 18, 2014

Site-Specific Olfactory Cleft Opacification Predicts Olfactory Function and Olfactory Training Outcome in Persistent

Yankun Li1,2, Lina Chen1,2, Yunfan Zhang1,2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new scoring system for olfactory cleft (OC) opacification improves assessment of persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Upper OC opacification predicts poor outcomes, guiding treatment for this refractory condition.

Keywords:
computational fluid dynamicsfunctional anosmialong COVIDolfactory cleft opacificationolfactory trainingpostinfectious olfactory dysfunctionprognosis

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Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
10:16

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Published on: July 13, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Radiology
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) has low recovery rates due to olfactory cleft (OC) inflammation and opacification.
  • Conventional imaging lacks prognostic accuracy by not considering vertical olfactory neuroepithelium distribution.
  • A novel subregion CT scoring system with CFD is introduced to assess OC opacification's impact on olfaction and olfactory training (OT) response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a modified subregion computed tomography (CT) scoring system for the olfactory cleft (OC).
  • To evaluate the role of OC opacification, considering its vertical distribution, in baseline olfaction and response to olfactory training (OT) in persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) patients.
  • To integrate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for a comprehensive analysis of airflow dynamics within the OC.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 58 adults with persistent PIOD (>3 months).
  • Modified CT scoring system segmenting OC into upper and lower portions across anterior and posterior regions.
  • Psychophysical olfactory testing (TDI score), questionnaire assessments, unsupervised K-means clustering, random forest modeling, and CFD analysis were performed. 31 patients completed 3-month OT.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory cleft (OC) opacification detected in 69.0% of persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) patients.
  • Upper posterior OC opacification identified as the primary predictor of baseline olfactory function and functional anosmia (AUC 0.920).
  • Three distinct phenotypes identified; diffuse severe opacification involving upper OC regions correlated with poorest olfactory function. Baseline posterior-middle OC opacification predicted non-response to olfactory training (OT).

Conclusions:

  • The modified subregion OC opacification scoring system offers refined assessment of site-specific obstruction in persistent PIOD.
  • This scoring system highlights the critical role of OC opacification in olfactory impairment and resistance to OT.
  • The system enables improved olfactory assessment and prognosis for persistent PIOD patients by identifying specific opacification patterns linked to OT outcomes.