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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents
08:10

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Published on: January 22, 2017

Hydrorelease Within the Paraneural Sheath: A Cadaveric Study.

Kousuke Shiwaku1,2, Carmelo Pirri1, Hidenori Otsubo3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Low-volume hydrorelease (HR) selectively spreads within the paraneural sheath (PNS) of nerves. This study confirms the intra-PNS as a safe and reproducible target for perineural injection techniques.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Ultrasound-guided procedures
  • Peripheral nerve injections

Background:

  • Limited data exists on fluid spread within the paraneural sheath (PNS) external to the epineurium during hydrorelease (HR) procedures.
  • Investigating the precise distribution of low-volume HR within the intra-PNS is crucial for understanding its efficacy and safety.
  • This study addresses the need for definitive quantification of fluid spread in the intra-PNS surrounding key lower limb nerves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the longitudinal and circumferential spread of low-volume hydrorelease (HR) within the intra-PNS of the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves.
  • To evaluate the intra-PNS as a target for perineural injection techniques.
  • To assess the safety and reproducibility of targeting the intra-PNS for fluid injection.
Keywords:
hydrodissectionhydroreleaseinjectionintra-paraneural sheathlayers

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents
08:10

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Published on: January 22, 2017

Main Methods:

  • Hydrorelease (HR) using 2.5 mL of dye-mixed saline was performed under ultrasound guidance into the intra-PNS of seven lower limbs from four human cadavers.
  • Dye spread was measured by longitudinal distance and circumferential dispersion.
  • Anatomical dissection was performed within 1 minute of injection to confirm spread patterns.

Main Results:

  • All injections showed consistent longitudinal spread within the intra-PNS without intraneural infiltration.
  • Mean longitudinal spread distances were 10.63 cm (sciatic), 9.97 cm (tibial), and 8.36 cm (common peroneal nerves).
  • Mild-to-moderate circumferential spread to the opposite side of the nerve was observed in all cases.

Conclusions:

  • Low-volume hydrorelease (HR) selectively distributes within the intra-PNS.
  • The intra-PNS is a structurally valid and reproducible anatomical target for perineural injection techniques.
  • These findings support the use of the intra-PNS as a target for precise fluid delivery in nerve procedures.