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Pharmacovigilance

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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...

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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Overview and Classification

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Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

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Published on: August 30, 2018

Entrustable Professional Activities for Pharmacists Carrying Out Medication Management Reviews.

Carmen Abeyaratne¹, Nadine Fawal¹, Kirsten Galbraith¹

¹Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Twelve of fourteen Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) were suitable for pharmacists performing medication management reviews (MMRs). Five EPAs aligned perfectly with six national performance outcomes, enhancing pharmacist credentialing.

Keywords:

EPAs Entrustable Professional Activities medication management reviews pharmacy

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Area of Science:

Pharmacy Practice
Pharmacist Education
Healthcare Professional Competency

Background:

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are crucial for defining and assessing professional competence.
Medication Management Reviews (MMRs) are a key service provided by pharmacists, requiring specific skills and outcomes.
Existing EPAs need validation and alignment with national performance outcomes (POs) for effective credentialing.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the suitability of pre-validated EPAs for pharmacists conducting MMRs.
To align these EPAs with nationally accepted POs for MMR pharmacists in Australia.
To establish a framework for credentialing MMR pharmacists using validated EPAs and POs.

Main Methods:

A two-phase study involving Subject-Matter Experts (SMEs) was conducted.
Phase 1: SMEs rated the relevance of 14 EPAs for MMR pharmacists using a Likert scale (70% threshold for progression).
Phase 2: Qualified EPAs were mapped against 24 national POs for MMR pharmacists.

Main Results:

Twelve out of 14 EPAs met the 70% threshold and proceeded to Phase 2.
Seven of eight recruited SMEs completed both study phases.
Five EPAs demonstrated 100% alignment with six specific POs for MMR pharmacists.

Conclusions:

A significant number of previously validated EPAs are suitable for pharmacists undertaking MMRs.
The mapping exercise successfully aligned EPAs with national POs, supporting credentialing.
This study provides a foundation for standardized assessment and credentialing of MMR pharmacists in Australia.