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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Ribosome biogenesis mediates the translational increase of nonoptimal codon transcripts during IFN-β stimulation.

Brenna N Hay1,2, Rachel Smid2, Nathan Louie1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V3T1Z4, Canada.

Canadian Journal of Microbiology
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ribosome biogenesis, specifically the factor BOP1, fine-tunes the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This regulation impacts protein synthesis during interferon responses, potentially influencing immune system function.

Keywords:
codon optimalityinterferon responseribosome biogenesistranslational regulation

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
10:00

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Published on: October 28, 2014

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The interferon response is a critical vertebrate signaling pathway linking innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Interferons activate the JAK-STAT pathway, inducing hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).
  • Translational control of ISG transcripts remains incompletely understood, despite elucidation of main pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ribosome biogenesis in the translational regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).
  • To explore how BOP1 depletion affects protein translation during interferon stimulation.
  • To determine the impact of codon optimality on ISG translation.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-omics analysis (RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS) of cells with BOP1 depletion and IFN-β stimulation.
  • Codon usage analysis to assess protein optimality.
  • Reporter construct assays to measure translation efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Proteins, including ISGs, were translationally upregulated in IFN-β-stimulated cells lacking BOP1.
  • A significant reduction in codon optimality was observed for translationally upregulated proteins.
  • Codon nonoptimal reporters showed increased translation in BOP1-depleted, IFN-β-stimulated cells.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosome biogenesis, through factors like BOP1, plays a role in fine-tuning ISG protein production.
  • This translational regulation by ribosome biogenesis is crucial for optimal interferon responses.
  • The findings suggest broader implications for translational control beyond the interferon pathway.