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Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
07:00

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Fixed Versus Lottery Incentives for Promoting Engagement With a Cadence-Based Smartphone App: Randomized Crossover

Kosuke Hayashi1,2, Hiromitsu Imai3, Ichiro Oikawa4

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Yufu, 8795593, Japan, 81 975865952.

JMIR Formative Research
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smartphone apps with fixed or lottery financial incentives did not significantly differ in promoting physical activity. Fixed incentives may be simpler to implement for health behavior change interventions.

Keywords:
MVPAfinancial incentivesmoderate-to-vigorous physical activitynudgepedometer appsmartphone app

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Digital Health
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Financial incentives are increasingly used in digital health interventions to promote physical activity.
  • Understanding the optimal design of these incentives is crucial for intervention effectiveness.
  • Smartphone apps offer a scalable platform for delivering such interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of fixed versus lottery financial incentives delivered via a smartphone app on physical activity.
  • To assess the impact of different incentive structures on adherence and engagement.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized crossover trial involving 20 participants was conducted.
  • Participants used a cadence-based smartphone app delivering either fixed or lottery financial incentives.
  • Outcomes measured included weekly challenge completions, daily steps, and distance covered.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were observed between the fixed and lottery incentive groups for any of the primary outcomes.
  • Participant engagement and adherence were comparable across both incentive conditions.
  • Qualitative feedback suggested fixed incentives were perceived as simpler to understand and manage.

Conclusions:

  • Both fixed and lottery financial incentives, when delivered through a smartphone app, appear similarly effective in promoting physical activity.
  • Fixed financial incentives may offer advantages in terms of implementation simplicity and user comprehension.
  • Future research should explore long-term adherence and cost-effectiveness of different incentive models.