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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

HIV Infection: What Is New in Prevention and Treatment?

Prakash R Ganesh1, Lisa C Navracruz2

  • 1Center for Community Health Integration at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio.

American Family Physician
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

HIV screening is recommended for ages 15-65. Status-neutral care includes pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART), significantly reducing HIV transmission and improving patient health.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Published on: March 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • HIV remains a global health concern, necessitating effective prevention and treatment.
  • Current guidelines recommend HIV screening for individuals aged 15 to 65 years.
  • A status-neutral approach to care is crucial for managing HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current recommendations for HIV screening and management in primary care.
  • To detail the role of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV prevention and treatment.
  • To emphasize the importance of comprehensive primary care for individuals with HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved PrEP options (oral and injectable).
  • Emphasis on same-day ART initiation with preferred integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens.
  • Guidelines for cardiovascular risk management, vaccinations, and cancer screenings in patients with HIV.

Main Results:

  • PrEP formulations reduce HIV acquisition risk by 99% with consistent use.
  • Specific recommendations for statin therapy based on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk scores.
  • Essential vaccinations (Hep A/B, meningococcal, pneumococcal, herpes zoster) and cancer screenings (cervical, anal) for adults with HIV.

Conclusions:

  • Primary care physicians play a vital role in delivering integrated HIV care.
  • Modified management strategies are essential for addressing the specific needs of patients with HIV.
  • Comprehensive care encompasses prevention, treatment, cardiovascular health, vaccinations, and cancer screening for individuals living with HIV.