Molecularly imprinted polymers: Recent advances in protein chromatography

In protein purification, the primary goal is to separate the desired protein from a complex mixture of biomolecules. Traditional chromatographic methods achieve this by utilizing the unique features of proteins, including their size, shape, physicochemical characteristics, and specific binding affinities. As a result of advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics, protein purification has undergone significant improvements, enabling the development of high-throughput proteomic technologies. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), known as "synthetic antibodies," are a promising alternative to traditional affinity materials. Molecular imprinting is a powerful method for protein separation and purification, offering exceptional customized recognition and selectivity. MIPs offer outstanding selectivity and are designed with synthetic affinity sites embedded within the polymer network, thereby significantly enhancing their effectiveness and versatility. These recognition cavities are meticulously engineered to complement the size, shape, and structural features of the target proteins, ensuring optimal interactions and effectiveness. MIPs offer tailored selectivity by forming precise recognition sites complementary to the target protein or its epitope, thereby combining durability, stability, and affordability. This review article discusses MIPs as affinity-based media for protein separation and purification. An overview of two types of MIPs, molecularly imprinted particles and monoliths, along with the molecularly imprinted SPE modes used in protein chromatography, is presented, emphasizing the advantages and limitations of each type and mode. Briefly, this review summarizes recent advances in protein chromatography using molecular imprinting techniques, highlighting the principal tools and resources that enhance purification strategies for biomedical and biotechnology applications.