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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Dynamical freezing for magnetometry in an interacting spin ensemble.

Ya-Nan Lu1,2, Dong Yuan1,3, Yixuan Ma1,2

  • 1Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences (IIIS), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Nature
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed dynamical freezing, a novel quantum phenomenon preventing thermalization in driven systems. This discovery enables enhanced quantum sensing with improved sensitivity and extended measurement times.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Quantum many-body systems
  • Quantum technologies

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium dynamics in quantum systems are challenging to control.
  • Driven systems typically thermalize, losing initial state information.
  • Mechanisms like localization and fragmentation can prevent thermalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe dynamical freezing, a new thermalization breakdown mechanism.
  • To demonstrate the application of dynamical freezing in quantum sensing.
  • To develop enhanced magnetometry using these dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of dynamical freezing in interacting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spins in diamond.
  • Precise control of driving frequency and detuning.
  • Development of dynamical-freezing-enhanced a.c. magnetometry.

Main Results:

  • Observed emergent long-lived spin magnetization and coherent oscillatory micromotions.
  • Dynamics persisted over timescales exceeding the interaction-limited coherence time (T2) by over an order of magnitude.
  • Achieved a 2.7-fold sensitivity enhancement in a.c. magnetometry compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamical freezing is a distinct mechanism defying thermalization via emergent conservation laws.
  • This provides a robust control method applicable to diverse quantum platforms.
  • Demonstrated a significant advancement in quantum metrology and sensing.