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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Collective Interactions in Ion Pairs.

Jorge Gonzalo1, Julen Munárriz1, Angel Martín Pendás2

  • 1Departamento de Química Física and Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.

Journal of Computational Chemistry
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Collective interactions, a novel bonding mode, were explored in ionic systems. These interactions, driven by exchange-correlation effects, were found in alkali metal-tetramethylborate ion pairs and some transition metal anions, challenging traditional bonding models.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical bonding theories
  • Quantum chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Collective interactions are a recently proposed bonding mode.
  • This phenomenon has been observed in organometallic complexes.
  • Its presence in ionic systems remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence of collective interactions in ion pairs.
  • To quantify the contributions of Coulombic and exchange-correlation terms.
  • To determine if collective interactions extend beyond covalent frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of penetration index.
  • Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) decomposition.
  • Calculation of exchange-correlation interaction collectivity indices (ICIXC).

Main Results:

  • Collective interactions were identified in alkali metal-tetramethylborate ion pairs and certain transition metal anions.
  • Electron-rich or polarizable ligands (-CCH, -OCH3, -Cl) enhance collective behavior.
  • Carbonyl-containing systems showed noncollective bonding characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Collective interactions can occur in ionic environments.
  • This expands the understanding of bonding beyond organometallic frameworks.
  • Provides new insights into ion pairing and electronic delocalization.