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Cybersecurity and Privacy Issues in Extended Reality Health Care Applications: Scoping Review
Kaitlyn Lake1, Andrea Mc Kittrick2, Mathilde Desselle3,4
1School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, General Purpose South, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, 4067, Australia, 61 450 150 234.
JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
|May 28, 2026
Summary
Virtual reality (VR) in healthcare poses significant cybersecurity risks, primarily information disclosure and tampering. Mitigations exist but require assessment for clinical use, highlighting the need for careful governance of extended reality (XR) applications.
Area of Science:
- Extended Reality (XR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in healthcare.
- Cybersecurity and privacy risks in immersive technologies.
Background:
- Virtual reality (VR) adoption in healthcare is increasing.
- Consumer-grade VR presents known cybersecurity and privacy risks.
- Risks of VR in clinical settings are not well understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify cybersecurity risks in clinical XR systems, focusing on VR.
- To explore potential mitigation strategies for identified risks.
Main Methods:
- Scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
- Searched Google Scholar for studies from 2017-2024.
- Analyzed 29 studies using STRIDE, ERM, and NIST frameworks.
Main Results:
- Information disclosure and tampering were the primary cyber threats identified in XR.
- Most identified risk mitigations focus on confidentiality and integrity.
- Few studies (3/29) addressed XR in healthcare, with no clinical risk assessment.
Conclusions:
- Privacy threats from inferring health data and immersive manipulation pose significant risks for healthcare VR.
- Identified mitigations need clinical effectiveness and suitability assessment.
- Healthcare must govern XR use based on risk and benefits.
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