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Integrative In Vivo and Transcriptomics-Guided In Silico Profiling of Citrus sinensis Phytochemicals as Multi-Target
Esam M Al-Shaebi1, Seifeldin Elabed2, Simeon Santourlidis3
1Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Biomedical Chromatography : BMC
|May 28, 2026
Summary
Citrus sinensis leaf extract (CSLE) effectively combats coccidiosis in mice by reducing parasite shedding and improving host immunity. This natural alternative shows promise against drug-resistant Eimeria species.
Area of Science:
- Parasitology
- Pharmacology
- Phytochemistry
Background:
- Coccidiosis causes significant economic losses in animal production due to intestinal injury and oxidative stress.
- Rising anticoccidial drug resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments, particularly plant-derived compounds.
- Citrus sinensis leaf extract (CSLE) is investigated as a potential natural anticoccidial agent.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the in vivo anticoccidial activity of CSLE against Eimeria papillata in mice.
- To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying CSLE's anticoccidial effects.
- To assess the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of CSLE.
Main Methods:
- Phytochemical analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
- In vivo efficacy study in Eimeria papillata-infected C57BL/6 mice treated with varying CSLE doses.
- Transcriptomic analysis to investigate host-parasite interactions and immune response modulation.
- Molecular docking and ADMET analyses to predict drug-target interactions and pharmacokinetic properties.
Main Results:
- CSLE demonstrated significant, dose-dependent reduction in Eimeria oocyst shedding.
- Treatment with CSLE improved body weight gain and jejunal histology in infected mice.
- Transcriptomic data revealed CSLE partially restored host IFN-γ signaling suppressed by the parasite.
- Molecular docking indicated strong binding of key CSLE compounds to parasite targets (CDPK1, PKG, HSP90), surpassing amprolium.
- ADMET analysis predicted favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles for CSLE.
Conclusions:
- CSLE exhibits potent dose-dependent anticoccidial activity against Eimeria papillata in mice.
- The extract acts through multiple mechanisms, including immune modulation and direct targeting of parasite proteins.
- CSLE presents a promising, natural alternative for controlling coccidiosis, addressing drug resistance issues.
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