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Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Updated: May 31, 2026

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
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Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Published on: November 27, 2019

Toxic Hepatopathies.

Megan C Romano1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, PO Box 14125, Lexington, KY 40512-4125, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equine hepatobiliary toxicology involves understanding how horses process toxins. Early identification of exposure sources and prompt decontamination are crucial for managing equine poisoning cases when specific treatments are unavailable.

Keywords:
CyanobacteriaHepatotoxicHepatotoxinsMycotoxinsToxic hepatopathyToxic plants

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Published on: April 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Toxicology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Hepatobiliary System Physiology

Background:

  • Equine exposure to diverse xenobiotics, including phytotoxins, phytonutrients, and pharmaceuticals, is common.
  • The hepatobiliary system is central to xenobiotic metabolism and excretion, making it vital in toxicological assessments.
  • Understanding toxicological principles is essential for diagnosing and managing equine poisoning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key considerations for diagnosing equine hepatotoxicity.
  • To discuss the role of the hepatobiliary system in equine toxicology.
  • To provide guidance on managing equine poisoning cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of equine toxicology principles related to hepatobiliary function.
  • Analysis of common xenobiotic exposures in horses.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for toxic hepatopathies.

Main Results:

  • Identification of potential toxic compound sources and exposure scenarios is critical.
  • Differential diagnoses and diagnostic options aid in pinpointing poisoning.
  • Treatment is predominantly supportive, with limited specific antidotes available.

Conclusions:

  • Removal of the toxic source and decontamination are key interventions.
  • Effective management relies on recognizing exposure, diagnosing toxicity, and providing supportive care.
  • Further research into equine xenobiotic metabolism and targeted therapies is warranted.