Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spinal cord neuromodulation for autonomic recovery following spinal cord injury: a scoping review.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Knowledge of and adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans by individuals with chronic spinal cord injuries and disorders.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2026
Same author

A Practical Guide for Researchers Prescribing Exercise to Improve Fitness and Health Outcomes in Individuals Living with Spinal Cord Injury.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same authorSame journal

Satisfaction with Life, Health, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with a Spinal Cord Injury in Australia.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Development and content validity of a nutrition knowledge questionnaire for individuals living with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

Spinal cord·2026
Same author

Effects of active upper-limb and passive lower-limb exercise on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure outcomes in individuals with motor-complete spinal cord injury: A case-series.

The journal of spinal cord medicine·2026
Same journal

Meaningful Engagement in Exercise Intervention Research Involving People with Spinal Cord Injury: Seven Practical Recommendations.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same journal

Hybrid Home-Based FES Protocol for Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Single-Center Observational Cohort Study.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same journal

Implementation and Sustainability of Exercise Interventions in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: Research Recommendations and Future Directions.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same journal

High-Intensity Interval Training in Individuals with Subacute Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: An Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
Same journal

Improving and Monitoring Adherence to Exercise Interventions Involving Persons with a Spinal Cord Injury: Actionable Strategies.

Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats
06:40

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Published on: January 16, 2019

Measuring Outcomes and Controlling Confounding Variables in Exercise Intervention Trials for Spinal Cord Injury.

Gary J Farkas1,2, Guillermo Mederos Hernandez1,2, Tom E Nightingale3,4

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This guide helps researchers design better exercise trials for spinal cord injury (SCI) by standardizing outcome measures and controlling for confounding variables. Implementing these strategies improves the reliability and clinical use of SCI exercise research.

Keywords:
clinical trialconfounderexerciseinterventionoutcome measuresphysical activityspinal cord injuries

More Related Videos

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
08:55

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion

Published on: February 5, 2020

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
07:32

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Published on: June 8, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats
06:40

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Published on: January 16, 2019

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
08:55

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion

Published on: February 5, 2020

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
07:32

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Published on: June 8, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Science
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Designing effective exercise intervention trials for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) is complex.
  • Key challenges include selecting appropriate outcome measures and controlling for confounding variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide guidance for operationalizing consensus recommendations from the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Physical Activity Special Interest Group.
  • To improve the design, validity, reproducibility, and clinical applicability of exercise trials in SCI.

Main Methods:

  • Outlining strategies to align outcome measures with study aims, ensuring validity and reliability.
  • Adapting testing protocols for functional limitations, covering cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and patient-centered outcomes.
  • Addressing confounding variables (injury characteristics, comorbidities, medications, environmental factors) through protocol design and analysis.

Main Results:

  • Standardized assessment procedures, staff training, and participant safety are emphasized, especially for those with autonomic instability.
  • Strategies for controlling confounding variables include eligibility criteria, stratification, standardized testing, covariate adjustment, and sensitivity analyses.
  • Engaging individuals with SCI and professionals in outcome selection enhances study relevance.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing these recommendations enhances the validity, reproducibility, and clinical applicability of SCI exercise trials.
  • Future research should focus on harmonizing protocols for pooled analyses to advance evidence-based exercise guidelines for SCI.