Structural characteristics, modification, immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory of Polygonatum polysaccharides from...

Polygonatum polysaccharides (PPs), derived from Polygonatum sibiricum, P. kingianum, and P. cyrtonema, have gained attention due to their important biological activities. However, differences in their structural characteristics lead to variations in physicochemical properties and functions. This review summarizes the main structural characteristics of PPs from the three species, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic linkages, and discusses their relationships with biological activities. Modification strategies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, are also discussed to illustrate how structure and function can be regulated. Overall, the biological activities of PPs are determined by the combined effects of multiple structural parameters, especially in immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory functions. However, challenges remain, including the lack of standardized analytical methods and limited understanding of precise structure-activity relationships. This review helps clarify the structure-activity relationships of PPs and points out key gaps for future research and application in functional foods.