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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
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Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Predicting errors before they occur using trial-by-trial dynamics of pre-error and post-error behavior.

Sarah B Malykke1, Audrey Siqi-Liu2, Dwight J Kravitz2,3

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2013 H St. NW, Washington, DC, 20006, USA. sarahmalykke@gwu.edu.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Errors influence behavior before and after they occur. This study of over 35,000 participants shows that behavioral changes around errors can be predicted up to eight trials in advance.

Keywords:
Big dataCognitive controlError predictionPost-error slowingPre-error speeding

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral science

Background:

  • Errors are integral to learning and decision-making.
  • Understanding the temporal dynamics of error impact on behavior is crucial but limited by data constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the full time course of error-induced behavioral changes.
  • To determine if errors can be predicted before they occur.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of two matched groups (n > 35,000) based on error occurrence in an object discrimination task.
  • Application of linear mixed-effects models to analyze behavioral sequences.
  • Utilizing leave-one-out cross-validation for predictive modeling.

Main Results:

  • Pre-error speeding observed up to eight trials before an error.
  • Post-error slowing identified, diminishing rapidly over subsequent trials.
  • Predictive models accurately forecasted upcoming errors eight trials in advance based on individual trial behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral adjustments around errors exhibit a systematic pattern.
  • Early prediction of errors is feasible using simple behavioral metrics and models.
  • Potential for timely interventions based on predicted errors.