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Related Concept Videos

Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin
08:57

Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin

Published on: March 26, 2015

Microenvironmental Regulation of Central Nervous System Myelination and Remyelination.

Yuxuan Wang1,2,3, Lingzhen Tan1,2,3, Lin Lao1,2,3

  • 1Clinical Biobank Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Central nervous system (CNS) myelination and remyelination involve oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. Microenvironmental factors critically influence these distinct processes, impacting regeneration strategies.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseastrocyteischemic strokemicroenvironmentmicrogliamultiple sclerosismyelinationneuronremyelination

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Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
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Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin
08:57

Experimental Demyelination and Remyelination of Murine Spinal Cord by Focal Injection of Lysolecithin

Published on: March 26, 2015

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Myelination and remyelination in the CNS depend on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs).
  • These processes have distinct origins: myelination is developmentally programmed, while remyelination follows demyelinating injury.
  • The microenvironment, including extracellular matrix and cellular components (neurons, microglia, astrocytes), plays crucial roles in myelin turnover and regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the CNS microenvironment in myelination and remyelination.
  • To discuss pathological microenvironmental alterations in demyelinating and myelin-associated disorders.
  • To explore emerging pro-remyelination strategies targeting the microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on non-cell autonomous regulation of OPC differentiation and CNS remyelination.
  • Analysis of pathological microenvironmental changes in diseases like multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and ischemic stroke.
  • Examination of therapeutic strategies targeting the microenvironment, including Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and microglia replacement.

Main Results:

  • Dysregulation of the microenvironment is a key factor in aberrant myelination and remyelination failure.
  • Specific cellular and molecular components of the microenvironment exhibit stage-specific roles in myelin dynamics.
  • Targeting microenvironmental factors offers promising avenues for pro-remyelination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • The CNS microenvironment is a critical determinant of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair.
  • Understanding non-cell autonomous mechanisms is essential for advancing CNS regeneration.
  • Therapeutic strategies focused on modulating the microenvironment hold significant potential for treating demyelinating and myelin-associated disorders.