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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents
06:55

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Published on: December 2, 2015

Major Depressive Disorder from a Brain-Body Perspective: Reproducible Central Cardiac Interoception Deficits and

Hongliang Zhou1, Yucheng Yuan2, Jing Zhang1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.

Biological Psychiatry
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) shows distinct brain-heart interaction (BHI) impairments. Central (heartbeat-evoked potential) and peripheral (heart rate variability) markers reveal stratified brain-body dysfunction in MDD.

Keywords:
Acute stress perturbationBrain-heart interactionCardiac InteroceptionCross-cohortMajor depressive disorder

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents
06:55

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Brain-heart interaction (BHI) is a systems-level framework for understanding major depressive disorder (MDD).
  • Reproducible cross-system markers for BHI in MDD remain unclear.
  • Identifying these markers is crucial for understanding MDD pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify reproducible BHI impairments in MDD.
  • To clarify the physiological and clinical correlates of these BHI impairments.
  • To propose a stratified framework for conceptualizing MDD as a brain-body disorder.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional EEG-ECG study analyzing three independent resting-state datasets (N=693) and one acute stress dataset (N=140).
  • Strict medication control was maintained.
  • BHI assessed across cardiac (heart rate, RR intervals), autonomic (heart rate variability: RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, LF/HF), and cortical (heartbeat-evoked potential, HEP) domains.

Main Results:

  • MDD cases exhibited elevated heart rate, reduced vagal heart rate variability, and attenuated HEP amplitude (central marker).
  • Peripheral indices were responsive to acute stress, while the central HEP marker remained stable.
  • pNN50 showed a significant Group × Condition interaction, indicating blunted vagal reactivity in MDD.
  • The central HEP marker correlated with fatigue, hopelessness, and concentration deficits.
  • Peripheral indices showed domain-specific associations with sleep disturbance and psychomotor retardation.

Conclusions:

  • A reproducible central-peripheral BHI impairment model was identified in MDD.
  • This suggests partially distinct pathophysiological contributions of central and peripheral features.
  • The findings challenge a unitary hierarchical mechanism for BHI abnormalities in MDD, supporting a stratified brain-body disorder framework.