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Development and validation of the doctoral students' time anxiety scale
1Academy of Civil Aviation Transportation, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic University, Chengdu, China.
Frontiers in Psychology
|June 1, 2026
Summary
Doctoral students experience time anxiety affecting academic performance. A new scale identifies three dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral, offering a tool for mental health assessment and intervention in higher education.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Higher Education Studies
Background:
- Doctoral students' mental health is crucial for innovation.
- Time anxiety in this population is under-researched.
- No specialized scale for doctoral student time anxiety exists.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the dimensions of time anxiety in doctoral students.
- To develop and validate a specialized scale for measuring time anxiety in this group.
Main Methods:
- Sequential qualitative-quantitative mixed-methods approach.
- Grounded theory for dimension exploration.
- Empirical methods for scale development.
Main Results:
- Doctoral student time anxiety has three dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.
- These dimensions are interconnected and impact academic performance.
- The 12-item Doctoral Students' Time Anxiety Scale shows good reliability and validity.
Conclusions:
- The developed scale is a valid tool for assessing doctoral students' time anxiety.
- Findings support targeted interventions for doctoral student mental health.
- The scale aids higher education management and research.
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