Testing Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the Dutch PSS-10, MBI-ES, and PANAS in a Bimonthly 6-Month Panel

Monitoring teacher well-being over time is essential in both research and practice to understand changes, evaluate interventions, and support occupational health. This study examines the longitudinal measurement invariance of the Dutch versions of three commonly used scales related to well-being: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Emotional Exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Utilizing three bimonthly waves of data collected from a cohort of elementary school teachers in Flanders (n = 237), we evaluated the scales' configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance over time. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that all three scales demonstrate adequate longitudinal measurement invariance, supporting their stability and reliability for repeated measurement. Notably, this is among the first studies to test longitudinal measurement invariance of these widely used scales over a 6-month period in an applied occupational setting. These findings strengthen confidence in their use for monitoring well-being over time.