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Related Concept Videos

Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Vertebral metastatic disease: A paradigm shift.

Annee Nguyen1, Trupti Trivedi1, Ellen O'Callaghan1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (A.N., T.T., E.O.C., S.Y., T.Z., R.A., C.R.G.).

Neuro-Oncology Advances
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spinal oncology care has shifted towards a multidisciplinary approach, integrating advanced radiotherapy, surgical techniques, and targeted therapies for vertebral metastatic disease. This improves patient mobility, quality of life, and survival outcomes.

Keywords:
genomicsradiation oncologyspine metastasesspine oncologysurgery

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Vertebral metastatic disease significantly impairs patient mobility, psychological well-being, quality of life, and survival.
  • Cancer metastasis to the spine necessitates comprehensive management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the paradigm shift in spinal oncology.
  • To discuss updated treatment algorithms and a multidisciplinary approach for vertebral metastatic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on spinal oncology.
  • Discussion of advancements in radiotherapy and surgical techniques.
  • Exploration of molecular markers and targeted therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Significant advancements in radiotherapy and surgical techniques.
  • Integration of molecular markers and targeted therapies in medical oncology.
  • Development of improved prognostication tools.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for optimal spinal oncology care.
  • Preoperative optimization, advanced radiation and surgical techniques, and targeted therapies enhance patient outcomes.
  • New prognostication tools aid in personalized treatment strategies.