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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Microgel-Extracellular Matrix Composite Support for the Embedded 3D Printing of Human Neural Constructs
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Engineering Strain-Stiffening Granular Hydrogels for 3D-Printed Tissue-Mimicry.

Hyeokju Chae1, Joohwan Han2, Jeong-Wook Seo3

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D-printable hydrogel that mimics biological tissue

Keywords:
high‐fidelity 3D printingmechanically tissue mimicryregion‐specific tuning (toe and heel moduli)strain‐stiffening granular hydrogels

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Biological tissues display nonlinear strain-stiffening, characterized by distinct toe (EToe) and heel (EHeel) moduli, crucial for load-bearing.
  • Synthetic materials currently lack a unified strategy for independently tuning these moduli while maintaining 3D printability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a 3D-printable strain-stiffening double-network granular hydrogel (SDGH).
  • To enable region-specific control over EToe and EHeel.
  • To demonstrate the utility of SDGH in fabricating complex biological structures.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D-printable SDGH with tunable mechanical properties.
  • Investigated the mechanism of strain-stiffening using in situ microscopic imaging and mechanical analysis.
  • Utilized direct-ink writing to fabricate multilayered aortic valves with alternating soft and stiff inks.

Main Results:

  • Achieved region-specific control of EToe and EHeel by modulating secondary-network monomer concentration and microgel packing density.
  • Elucidated the strain-stiffening mechanism.
  • Successfully printed aortic valves with high geometric fidelity and excellent hemodynamic performance (regurgitation <1.2%), surpassing ISO 5840 standards.

Conclusions:

  • The developed SDGH platform offers a generalizable design framework for creating customized tissue-mimetic organs.
  • This technology holds significant potential for biomedical applications, particularly in synthetic surgical training materials.