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Improved extraction of carotenoids from orange peel using pH-switchable natural deep eutectic solvents: preparation
Yanhong Liu1, Yixin Wang1, Ruonan Wu1
1Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
Abstract:
To promote the valorization of orange peel, carotenoids were extracted from orange peel powder using a pH-switchable hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent composed of decanoic acid and lauric acid (2:1, mol/mol). Extraction conditions were optimized as 40.50 °C, 10.5:1 mL/g, and 16.80 min, giving a carotenoid yield of 60.98 ± 0.87 mg/100 g. The extract exhibited high antioxidant activity, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates of 88.97% and 94.85%, respectively. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion prepared from the carotenoid-enriched extract showed a mean droplet size of 76.78 ± 1.58 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15 ± 0.01, and a zeta potential of -42.56 ± 1.59 mV. In contrast to conventional solvent-based extraction, this work integrates green extraction and nanoemulsion delivery using a pH-switchable solvent system. The nanoemulsion exhibited good stability under different environmental conditions, highlighting its potential for food applications.
