Dystonia and Tremor
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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
Published on: September 12, 2020
Alexandra J Thele1, Sanjay Pandey2, Haider A Jinnah3
1University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Neurology, Ohio, United States, Cleveland.
Abstract:
Dystonia and tremor are common movement disorders with heterogenous presentations. Their overlap, termed "tremor in dystonia" for this review, is a common phenomenon that is classified inconsistently in practice and the literature. While the two-axis structure of the dystonia and tremor classifications clarified some aspects of tremor in dystonia, confusion and contention remain amongst clinicians. This is due not only to the varied definitions proposed over time and clinical heterogeneity, but the current lack of consensus on the underlying pathophysiology. This paper outlines the existing and proposed definitions for tremor in dystonia, clinical assessment, adjunct objective measures, and current understandings of the pathophysiology of dystonia.
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