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Related Concept Videos

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Neuroimmune Crosstalk: Peripheral Nervous System Disorders After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Ayşegül Gündüz1, Merve İriş1, Zeliha Birsin2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Türkiye; and.

Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause peripheral nervous system issues, primarily axonal polyneuropathy and myopathy, in cancer patients. Early intervention with immunomodulatory therapy can improve function in affected individuals.

Keywords:
ICIscancerimmune checkpoint inhibitorsmalignancymyositispolyneuropathy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly utilized for cancer treatment.
  • ICIs can induce immune-related adverse events affecting various organ systems.
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications are a recognized but less understood side effect of ICIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and characteristics of PNS involvement in patients treated with ICIs.
  • To identify associated clinical features, treatment strategies, and prognosis.
  • To understand the spectrum of ICI-related neurological complications.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cross-sectional study design.
  • Inclusion of patients with neurological complaints using ICIs from January 2019 to August 2024.
  • Review of medical and electrophysiologic records, extracting demographic, oncologic, and neurological data.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of newly developed PNS involvement was 8% among 31 reviewed patients.
  • Most common complications included sensory or sensory-motor axonal polyneuropathy and myopathy.
  • Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and atezolizumab were frequently associated medications; immunomodulatory therapy improved function in nonambulatory patients.

Conclusions:

  • Axonal polyneuropathy and myopathy are the predominant PNS complications of ICIs.
  • The specific ICI, cancer type, and prior chemotherapy may influence the risk of neurological side effects.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and optimize management of ICI-induced neuropathy.