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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
The blood endothelial barrier is the most porous of these. It allows all small ionized, un-ionized, and lipophilic molecules to pass through the endothelial lining into the interstitial space...

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Swimming Exercise Protocol and Care Methods for Pregnant Rats
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Evaluating the barriers to physical activity during pregnancy: a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study.

Romina Fili1, Fereshteh Behmanesh2,3, Hossein-Ali Nikbakht4,5

  • 1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.

Archives of Public Health = Archives Belges De Sante Publique
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Physical activity during pregnancy offers benefits, but many women face barriers. This study found that intrapersonal and knowledge gaps are key obstacles for pregnant women, alongside environmental and socio-cultural factors.

Keywords:
ExerciseHealth KnowledgeIranMixed-Methods ResearchPregnant Women

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Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
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Published on: March 7, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
05:59

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity

Published on: March 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Public Health
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Physical activity during pregnancy is crucial for maternal and fetal health.
  • Many pregnant women do not meet recommended activity levels due to various barriers.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on quantitative barriers, neglecting deeper socio-interpersonal, intrapersonal, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and explain the barriers to physical activity among Iranian pregnant women.
  • To explore the multidimensional nature of these barriers using a mixed-methods approach.

Main Methods:

  • A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study involving 351 pregnant women.
  • Quantitative phase: Surveys including the Pregnancy Physical Activity Perceived Barriers Scale (BPAPS) and regression analysis.
  • Qualitative phase: Semi-structured interviews with women reporting high barrier scores, analyzed using conventional content analysis.

Main Results:

  • Environmental barriers had the highest mean score quantitatively.
  • Qualitative findings highlighted intrapersonal barriers and knowledge/communication gaps as most impactful.
  • Older age, lower education, unemployment, and lack of pre-pregnancy activity were linked to higher barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Barriers to physical activity in pregnancy are multidimensional, encompassing intrapersonal, knowledge, socio-cultural, and environmental factors.
  • Public health policy recommendations include integrating self-efficacy training, creating safe exercise spaces, and mandating antenatal physical activity counseling.