Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Establishment of a Co-culture System of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumor Organoids and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)
Published on: June 27, 2025
Comprehensive Review of Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: From Mechanisms to Nursing Interventions
Qiuyu Zhu1, Yongwei Lai2, Jie Zhao3
1School of Nursing, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract worldwide, with significant regional variations in its epidemiological characteristics. Traditional treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limited efficacy and substantial adverse events, which can no longer meet clinical needs. In recent years, immunotherapy has brought new breakthroughs for CRC by reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and blocking tumor immune escape. This review systematically summarizes the core mechanisms and clinical applications of major immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and oncolytic viruses (OVs). We focus on individualized treatment selection for different molecular subtypes (pMMR/MSS vs. dMMR/MSI-H), biomarker screening, efficacy evaluation, drug resistance mechanisms, and countermeasures. We also discuss novel targets and biomarker optimization for precision therapy. In addition, given the unique immune-related adverse events, we introduce the CRC "SSEIE" nursing model and its value in whole-process management. This review integrates the latest advances in CRC immunotherapy and nursing interventions, providing a reference for optimizing clinical regimens, improving nursing quality, and enhancing patient prognosis.
Related Concept Videos
Tumor Immunotherapy
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the colonic...
Cancer Vaccines
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Cancer Therapies
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management
