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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
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The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications
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Universal Base-Catalyzed Aza-Michael Addition: A General Platform for Transforming Polyurethanes into

Jun Jie Chang1, Nicholas Wei Xun Ong1, Derek Yiren Ong2

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology andResearch (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a universal method for modifying polyurethanes without pre-installed handles, enabling advanced material properties. This postpolymerization functionalization strategy creates high-performance biomaterials from commodity plastics.

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

Published on: October 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Postpolymerization functionalization (PPF) of polyurethanes is challenging, often requiring pre-installed reactive handles.
  • This limits the modification and upcycling of existing industrial polyurethane materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a universal and scalable strategy for modifying off-the-shelf polyurethanes.
  • To engineer novel comb-like poly(alkylene oxide) thermogels with enhanced properties.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraged the carbamate moiety in polyurethanes for aza-Michael addition.
  • Utilized phosphazene superbases (P2-tBu) as catalysts for high functionalization degrees.
  • Synthesized comb-like poly(alkylene oxide) thermogels.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high functionalization (up to 99%) on diverse polyurethanes with acrylates and vinylphosphonate.
  • Engineered thermogels with significantly improved viscoelastic properties, including a 5-fold viscosity decrease under shear.
  • Demonstrated superior injectability with 3-fold lower extrusion forces compared to Pluronic F-127.
  • Achieved sustained therapeutic release (59% over 324 h) versus rapid depletion (52 h) for Pluronic F-127.

Conclusions:

  • Established a general, handle-free pathway for precision engineering of functional polyurethanes.
  • Bridged the gap between commodity plastics and advanced biomaterials.
  • The developed thermogels offer superior performance for applications requiring controlled rheology and sustained release.