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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Live Imaging to Quantify Cellular Radiosensitivity in Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids
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Live Imaging to Quantify Cellular Radiosensitivity in Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids

Published on: April 5, 2024

Immunological Reprogramming by Radiation Therapy: Implications for Precision Cancer Treatment.

Arun Kumar Singh1, Vikash Chand Sharma2, Manish Kumar3

  • 1University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Immunology
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiation therapy (RT) reprograms the tumor microenvironment and activates anti-tumor immunity. This review explores RT

Keywords:
cGAS–STING pathwaychemotherapy (ChX)cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)dendritic cells (DCs)immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)immunogenic cell death (ICD)malignant melanomaradiation therapy (RT)stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)tumour microenvironment (TME)

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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Cancer immunology
  • Tumor microenvironment modulation

Background:

  • Radiation therapy (RT) primarily kills cancer cells but also modulates the immune system.
  • Recent research highlights RT's role in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activating systemic anti-tumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immune mechanisms of tumor killing post-irradiation.
  • To assess RT's synergy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
  • To provide a framework for harnessing radiation-induced immune reprogramming in precision oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of immunogenic cell death (ICD), cGAS-STING pathway, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) priming, and abscopal effect.
  • Analysis of RT-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms (Tregs, MDSCs, PD-L1).
  • Critical assessment of RT combined with ICIs (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4).
  • Comparison of RT and chemotherapy (ChX) in inducing neo-antigens and immune activation.
  • Focus on dose fractionation effects (SBRT, SRS) and tumor type susceptibility (e.g., melanoma).

Main Results:

  • RT induces both anti-tumor immune responses and immunosuppressive counterforces.
  • Synergy between RT and ICIs shows promise, but potential side effects require consideration.
  • Dose fractionation, particularly SBRT and SRS, influences immunogenic effects.
  • Malignant melanoma is highly susceptible to RT-induced immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation therapy possesses significant immunomodulatory properties that can be leveraged for cancer treatment.
  • Understanding RT's complex immune effects is crucial for designing next-generation precision oncology strategies.
  • Further research into RT-ICI combinations and optimal fractionation is warranted.