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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Doppler Ultrasound-Based Leg Blood Flow Assessment During Single-Leg Knee-Extensor Exercise in an Uncontrolled Setting
Published on: December 15, 2023
Ultrasound Doppler Assessment of Popliteal Vein Velocity During Foot Exercises: Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Mitsuharu Kodaka1, Tomoki Fukuda, Ayumi Sakamaki
1From the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center Adachi, Tokyo, Japan.
Abstract:
Venous thrombosis is influenced by Virchow's triad, and a decrease in venous velocity is considered one of the risk factors. In this study, we examined three foot and leg movements-bending the ankle back and forth ("Bending"), squeezing the toes ("Squeezing"), and massaging and milking the calf ("Milking")-using healthy volunteers and ultrasound to determine which exercise increased venous velocity the most. The results showed that "Bending" produced the highest velocity, while "Squeezing" produced the lowest. We also compared left and right sides for each exercise, finding that left-side velocity during "Milking" was significantly lower than the right side.
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