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Assessing climatic effects on milk yield traits using sinusoidal modelling in dairy cows.

G Bittante1, G J Martínez-Marín2, H Toledo-Alvarado3

  • 1Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova (Padua), viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.

Animal : an International Journal of Animal Bioscience
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Climatic variations impact dairy cow production, with sinusoidal functions (SIN-F) modeling seasonal changes. Mid-term deviations from SIN-F can indicate heat stress effects on milk yield and composition.

Keywords:
Breed effectCircannual variationClimate variationHeat-stressMilk traits

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Dairy Production

Background:

  • Climatic variations significantly affect dairy cow productivity and well-being.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for sustainable dairy farming practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt sinusoidal functions (SIN-F) for describing circannual variations in climate and dairy cow production traits.
  • To compare SIN-F application across different farm types (plains vs. hills/mountains) and dairy breeds.
  • To evaluate mid-term deviations from SIN-F as indicators of heat stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 39 weather stations and 65,883 test-day records from 117 herds.
  • Applied sinusoidal functions (SIN-F) to model circannual variations in daily milk yield (dMY), fat (FAT%), and protein (PROT%).
  • Analyzed herd, stage of lactation, parity, year, altitude, and breed effects on milk traits.

Main Results:

  • Herd and lactation stage were major sources of variation in milk traits. SIN-F explained 2.4-12.8% of long-term variation, while mid-term deviations accounted for 0.4-2%.
  • Milk fat and protein peaked in winter and nadired in summer, with dMY peaking later. Plains herds showed greater dMY variation than hills/mountains herds.
  • Simmental and Brown Swiss breeds exhibited smaller milk yield amplitude and delayed SIN-F compared to Holsteins, suggesting greater climate resilience.

Conclusions:

  • Circannual SIN-F and its variations are effective tools for assessing climatological impacts on dairy production.
  • Mid-term deviations from SIN-F, particularly during summer, can serve as indicators of heat stress in dairy cows.
  • The study highlights breed and farm type differences in response to climatic variations, informing management strategies.