An Approach to Airway Management and Acute Respiratory Failure

Vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) has expanded to include the periprocedural and inpatient management of critically ill patients. Acute respiratory failure and airway compromise in VIR settings may arise from a range of causes, including oversedation, pneumothorax, massive hemoptysis, pulmonary edema, anaphylaxis, or exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory conditions. The ability to promptly assess and treat acutely decompensating patients is essential for interventional radiologists. The management of acute respiratory failure begins with a rapid assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation, in conjunction with evaluation of vital signs, pulse oximetry, end-tidal CO2, arterial or venous blood gases, all while determining the underlying etiology. This review provides a concise overview of the mechanisms underlying respiratory failure, the devices used for monitoring and management, and a focused approach to treating patients with acute respiratory failure.