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Related Concept Videos

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
The Unfolded Protein Response01:37

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Stage-Dependent Regulatory Hub in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Na Hu1, Yaguang Song1, Ting Yu1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Inflammation Research
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key regulator in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis, influencing inflammation and joint damage. Targeting specific unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways offers precision therapeutic potential for RA.

Keywords:
endoplasmic reticulum stressfibroblast-like synoviocytesrheumatoid arthritisunfolded protein response

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves chronic synovial inflammation and joint destruction.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress integrates inflammatory signaling, metabolic changes, and cell fate in the RA synovium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in RA pathogenesis.
  • To explore ER stress as a potential precision therapeutic target in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ER stress and UPR in RA.
  • Analysis of stage-dependent and cell type-specific patterns of ER stress activation.

Main Results:

  • UPR activation initially aids ER homeostasis but sustained signaling amplifies inflammation, promotes apoptosis resistance in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and enhances osteoclastogenesis.
  • ER stress patterns are context-dependent, varying by disease stage and cell type.

Conclusions:

  • ER stress is a dynamic signaling network in RA, with context-dependent pathogenic functions.
  • Precision modulation of UPR modules, rather than broad suppression, is a promising therapeutic strategy for RA.