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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

The association between scapular orientation and spinopelvic parameters.

Rami El Abiad¹, Yorgho Maalouf¹, Mohammad Daher^1,2,3

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty

|June 3, 2026

Summary

Spinopelvic parameters are linked to scapular orientation, indicating a global connection between the spine, pelvis, and shoulder. This suggests considering overall sagittal alignment, not just thoracic kyphosis, for shoulder health.

Keywords:

Posture Reverse shoulder arthroplasty Scapula Scapular orientation Spinopelvic parameters Thoracic kyphosis

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Biomechanics
Radiology

Background:

The scapula is vital for upper limb function and stability.
Scapular orientation (internal rotation, protraction, upward rotation) is key for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.
Previous research linked scapular orientation to thoracic kyphosis but not broader spinopelvic parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between spinopelvic parameters and scapular orientation.
To explore the relationship beyond thoracic kyphosis to include lumbar lordosis and pelvic parameters.

Main Methods:

Retrospective study of 100 adult patients undergoing PET scans for non-orthopedic reasons.
Measured scapular orientation and spinopelvic parameters.
Grouped patients by scapular internal rotation (SIR) and analyzed correlations and group differences.

Main Results:

Scapular internal rotation (SIR) correlated with thoracic kyphosis and Barrey ratio.
Scapular protraction (PRO) negatively correlated with T1 pelvic angle, T1 slope, and C7 slope.
Scapular upward rotation (SUR) positively correlated with lumbar lordosis.
Specific posture groups showed significant differences in pelvic tilt, T1 pelvic angle, Barrey ratio, PRO, and SUR.

Conclusions:

Spinopelvic parameters are associated with scapular orientation.
Findings support a global biomechanical relationship between the spine, pelvis, and shoulder.
Global sagittal alignment, beyond thoracic kyphosis, may influence scapular positioning and warrants clinical consideration.