Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 4, 2026
Impact of Fabrication Techniques and Polishing Procedures on Surface Roughness of Denture Base Resins
Published on: January 17, 2025
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Polishing Systems on Surface Roughness of Permanent 3D-Printed
Nilay Bayraktar1,2, Nurgül Çetin Tuncer1,2, Çağatay Barutçugil1,2
1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
Objective:
This study evaluated the effects of polishing systems, staining solutions, and aging time on the surface roughness of Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed permanent restorative materials.
Methods:
Three 3D-printed resins (VarseoSmile Crown plus (VSC), Saremco PrintCrowntec (SC), Formlabs Permanent Crown (FC)) and one CAD/CAM block (GB) were included (n = 150; n = 10/group). CAD/CAM specimens were sectioned from blocks, while 3D-printed specimens were fabricated using DLP and SLA printers. Each material was divided into five subgroups: control (unpolished), Sof-Lex (PS1), Composoft (PS2), Diacomp Plus TWIST (PS3), and Lucida DiaShine (PS4). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured before and after polishing and after storage in distilled water, coffee, and red wine for 24 h, 1 week, and 1 month. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05).
Results:
Polishing significantly reduced surface roughness in all materials initially. Over time, Ra values increased, particularly in coffee and red wine. Control groups showed higher roughness than polished specimens. PS1 and PS3 generally yielded smoother surfaces, whereas PS2 often resulted in higher Ra values.
Conclusion:
Polishing improves surface smoothness; however, staining solutions and aging increase roughness, indicating that both polishing protocols and storage conditions affect material stability.
Clinical Significance:
Surface roughness of restorative materials is influenced by polishing protocols, material type, and exposure to staining beverages. Appropriate polishing procedures result in smoother surfaces; however, surface degradation occurs following exposure to commonly consumed beverages such as coffee and red wine. These findings highlight the importance of selecting effective polishing systems and considering the long-term effects of dietary habits when using 3D-printed and CAD/CAM restorative materials.
