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Large language model exposure and precarious occupations: Unpacking relationships in the Canadian labor force
Arif Jetha1, Qing Liao, Peter Smith
1Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, ON, M5G 1S5, Canada. AJetha@iwh.on.ca.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
|June 3, 2026
Summary
Occupations with low job precarity show higher exposure to large language models (LLM), unlike previous digital technologies. Further research is needed on LLM impacts in prominent job sectors.
Area of Science:
- Labor Economics
- Sociology of Work
- Technology and Society
Background:
- Digital technologies historically increase labor market inequities, impacting precarious occupations.
- Large language models (LLM) present a new frontier in technological workplace transformation.
- Understanding LLM's differential impact across the labor market is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between occupational exposure to large language models (LLM) and various dimensions of job precarity.
- To determine if LLM adoption follows historical patterns of digital technology adoption in exacerbating labor market inequalities.
- To analyze the relationship between LLM exposure and a multidimensional index of occupational precarity.
Main Methods:
- Utilized Canada's Labour Force Survey data.
- Assessed occupational exposure to LLM and four dimensions of precarity: contractual instability, earnings inadequacy, schedule unpredictability, and working-time mismatch.
- Employed multivariate linear regression models with cluster-robust standard errors to analyze associations, developing a multidimensional precarity index.
Main Results:
- Occupations with low precarity exhibited significantly higher mean LLM exposure (0.386) compared to those with medium (0.258), high (0.260), or very high precarity (0.205).
- LLM exposure was generally lower in occupations characterized by individual dimensions of precarity, except for earnings adequacy.
- These findings suggest a divergence from historical technological impacts on precarious work.
Conclusions:
- Occupations with the lowest levels of precarity are currently most exposed to LLM.
- This contrasts with previous technological trends that disproportionately affected precarious jobs.
- Further investigation into LLM's impact on workers in sectors where the technology is prominent is warranted.
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