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Related Concept Videos

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving01:06

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving

In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
A small car of mass 1,200 kg traveling east at 60 km/h collides at an intersection with a truck of mass 3,000 kg traveling due north at 40 km/h. The two vehicles are locked together. What is the...
Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

Elastic Collisions: Case Study

Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

Elastic Collisions: Introduction

An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a problem,...
Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
Types Of Collisions - I01:04

Types Of Collisions - I

When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System
10:09

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System

Published on: October 1, 2019

AIS data-driven MAAC-Stackelberg multi-ship cooperative collision avoidance algorithm.

Tie Xu1, Tengdong Wang1, Jiansen Zhao1

  • 1Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China.

Plos One
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel algorithm for ship collision avoidance, enhancing safety in busy waters. The method improves collision rates and adherence to maritime rules by integrating AI with game theory.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System
10:09

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System

Published on: October 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Maritime Navigation and Safety
  • Artificial Intelligence in Transportation
  • Game Theory Applications

Background:

  • Existing ship collision avoidance methods face challenges in meeting International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), handling uncertain ship risk attitudes, and managing multi-ship interactions.
  • The complexity of maritime traffic necessitates advanced algorithms for safe and compliant navigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an advanced ship collision avoidance algorithm that addresses COLREGs compliance, dynamic risk attitudes, and multi-ship coupling risks.
  • To enhance the safety and efficiency of maritime navigation in complex scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage framework combining multi-agent systems and game theory, with COLREGs integrated into the reward function.
  • Utilizing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for predicting ship motion and a Bayesian network for inferring risk attitudes.
  • Employing a Stackelberg game integrated with the Multi-Agent Actor-Critic (MAAC) algorithm for decision-making, with COLREGs as constraints.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm demonstrated significant advantages in reducing collision rates and average risk.
  • Improved COLREGs compliance rates and enhanced trajectory smoothness were observed.
  • Statistical tests confirmed the algorithm's robustness and superiority over existing methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed algorithm offers a reliable technical solution for ship collision avoidance in multi-ship environments.
  • This research contributes to safer and more efficient maritime navigation through advanced AI and game theory integration.