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Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Hyponatremia and its Risk Factors in Hospitalized Children: A Longitudinal Study

Elham Bakhtiari1, Farhad Heydarian2, Adeleh Azarshab3

  • 1Clinical Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran.

Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
|June 3, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Hospital-acquired hyponatremia affects 22.1% of pediatric patients, with female sex identified as a key risk factor. Infants under one year may also be at increased risk, necessitating further investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hospital-acquired hyponatremia is a significant concern in pediatric care.
  • It is linked to various adverse clinical outcomes in children.
  • Understanding its incidence and risk factors is crucial for prevention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of hospital-acquired hyponatremia in pediatric patients.
  • To identify independent risk factors associated with its development.
  • To inform clinical practice and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study was conducted from 2016 to 2020.
  • Included hospitalized children with normal initial serum sodium levels.
  • Data collected on demographics, clinical factors, and outcomes; patients with abnormal admission sodium were excluded.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of hospital-acquired hyponatremia was 22.1%.
  • Female sex was a significant independent risk factor (OR 3.83).
  • Children under one year showed borderline significance as a risk factor (OR 2.68, P = .057).

Conclusions:

  • Hospital-acquired hyponatremia occurred in 22.1% of the studied pediatric population.
  • Female sex is an independent risk factor for developing hyponatremia during hospitalization.
  • Younger children (under one year) may also be at elevated risk, warranting further research.
Abstract

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