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Related Concept Videos

Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact01:03

Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact

Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with a...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Drug Classes and Categories01:25

Drug Classes and Categories

Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine enhance brain activity, leading to increased alertness, attention, and energy. These drugs typically raise heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. While they can induce feelings of euphoria, their misuse can result in severe health...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
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Published on: October 2, 2016

Advancing Kratom Science and Regulation: A Comparative Framework With Cannabis.

Ynhi T Thomas, Mubeen Iqbal, Chung J Mun

    Journal of Addiction Medicine
    |June 3, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) shows therapeutic potential but lacks robust evidence. Standardized products and distinct regulatory pathways are crucial for safe evaluation of kratom

    Keywords:
    Mitragyna speciosacannabisemerging substanceskratompublic health

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    Published on: December 29, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Ethnobotany
    • Regulatory Science

    Background:

    • Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a psychoactive botanical used in Southeast Asia and increasingly in the US for its analgesic, stimulant, and mood-altering effects.
    • Limited scientific evidence exists, and commercial kratom products exhibit significant variability in composition and potency.
    • Existing research highlights the need for standardized products and clear regulatory frameworks to assess kratom's therapeutic potential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current knowledge on kratom's pharmacology.
    • To propose a research and regulatory strategy for evaluating kratom's therapeutic applications.
    • To differentiate between whole leaf, enriched, and semi-synthetic kratom products regarding evidence standards and regulatory pathways.

    Main Methods:

    • Narrative review of existing literature on kratom's pharmacology and use.
    • Analysis of lessons learned from cannabis research and regulation.
    • Development of a proposed dual-track regulatory framework for kratom products.

    Main Results:

    • Kratom's effects are linked to its complex alkaloid profile, with significant differences between whole leaf and processed/synthetic forms.
    • Chemically defined preparations, validated analytical methods, and human studies (PK/PD, abuse liability) are essential.
    • A dual regulatory approach is proposed: enhanced standards for botanical products and conventional drug development for enriched/synthetic constituents.

    Conclusions:

    • Establishing distinct evidence standards for different kratom product types is necessary.
    • A coordinated federal effort is required for product standardization, clinical trials, and comparative evaluations.
    • Implementing a structured research and regulatory pathway can facilitate the examination of kratom's therapeutic applications while prioritizing public health and safety.