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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods
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Published on: September 10, 2018

Advanced Transdermal Patches with Folate Nanoparticles: A Breakthrough in Prenatal Supplementation.

Yayun Siti Rochmah1, Stefani Harumsari2, Naniek Widyaningrum3

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia.

European Journal of Dentistry
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Maternal folic acid deficiency can cause birth defects. A new transdermal patch delivers folic acid nanoparticles, bypassing the gut to improve absorption during early pregnancy, though further research is needed to minimize skin irritation.

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Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Maternal folic acid deficiency is a key factor in congenital cleft lip/palate abnormalities.
  • Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy can significantly reduce essential folic acid intake.
  • Transdermal patches offer a novel route for systemic drug delivery, bypassing gastrointestinal issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate and evaluate a folic acid nanoparticle transdermal patch.
  • To provide an effective method for folic acid delivery during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  • To circumvent gastrointestinal absorption limitations caused by pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting.

Main Methods:

  • Folic acid nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation of chitosan derived from shrimp shells.
  • Nanoparticle characterization involved particle size analysis, zeta potential, TEM, FTIR, and SEM.
  • Transdermal patch properties were assessed for organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical parameters, and in vivo skin permeation and irritation.

Main Results:

  • A folic acid nanoparticle transdermal patch was successfully developed, with nanoparticles measuring 290.7 nm and a zeta potential of -18.7 mV.
  • The patch exhibited favorable organoleptic and physicochemical properties, including flexibility, appropriate moisture content, and pH.
  • In vivo studies demonstrated approximately 30% cumulative folic acid permeation over 480 minutes, with observed skin irritation in some animal groups.

Conclusions:

  • An innovative folate-nanoparticle transdermal patch with promising characteristics has been developed.
  • Further research is necessary to optimize formulation and dosage for enhanced permeation and reduced skin irritation.
  • Clinical studies require prior optimization to ensure safety and efficacy of the transdermal patch.