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Survey Safety01:28

Survey Safety

Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...

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Evaluating Ergonomic Risks in Manual Lychee Harvesting Using PATH and Hierarchical Task Analysis: An Observational

Prakasit Tonchoy1, Phakinee Suta2, Supakan Kantow1

  • 1Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Thailand.

Journal of UOEH
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lychee harvesting poses significant ergonomic risks for agricultural workers, with frequent non-neutral postures and heavy loads contributing to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Interventions are needed to improve safety and reduce WMSD risks.

Keywords:
agricultural workersergonomic risk assessmenthierarchical task analysismanual fruit harvestingmusculoskeletal disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health and Safety
  • Ergonomics
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common in agricultural workers, especially during harvesting.
  • Lychee harvesting in Thailand, a major global producer, has not been adequately studied for ergonomic risks despite evident exposure.
  • Understanding these risks is crucial for worker well-being and sustainable agricultural practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify the ergonomic risks associated with lychee harvesting in Thailand.
  • To identify specific postures, tasks, and handling methods contributing to potential MSDs in lychee harvesters.
  • To provide evidence for the development of targeted ergonomic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional observational study involving 104 male lychee harvesters during the 2022 harvest season in Phayao Province, Thailand.
  • Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) to segment harvesting tasks and the Posture, Activity, Tools, and Handling (PATH) method to assess ergonomic exposures.
  • Video recording of full tasks and a structured checklist to categorize postures as neutral or non-neutral.

Main Results:

  • Harvesters, with a mean age of 53.5 years, frequently adopted non-neutral neck (59%) and trunk (58%) postures, including severe forward flexion and lateral bending/twisting.
  • Tasks involved carrying heavy loads (9.5 kg) unilaterally, prolonged arm elevation, long travel distances, and repetitive motions, exacerbating biomechanical strain.
  • Factors like ladder height, tool design, and task repetition significantly contributed to ergonomic risks.

Conclusions:

  • Lychee harvesting presents substantial ergonomic risks due to non-neutral postures, asymmetrical loading, and repetitive tasks.
  • Urgent implementation of ergonomic interventions is recommended, including redesigning carrying baskets for bilateral use and improving ladder safety.
  • Participatory workflow reorganization is essential to mitigate work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) risks in seasonal fruit agriculture.