Association between working from home frequency and sleep profiles among Japanese white-collar workers: a...

Working from home (WFH) has become increasingly common since the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic; however, its association with sleep among workers remains unclear. This study examined the relationship of WFH frequency with sleep duration and sleep quality among non-shift white-collar workers. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among non-shift office workers of a single Japanese company; 33,744 participants without missing data were analyzed. Participants were categorized into five groups according to WFH frequency: Office (0%), Low (1-20%), Moderate (21-80%), High (81-99%), and Home (100%). The endpoints were sleep duration ≥6 h, restorative sleep (RS), and their combination. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between WFH frequency and sleep outcomes after adjusting for confounding factors compared with the Moderate group. A higher WFH frequency was significantly associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) of sleeping ≥6 h. The Home group had a lower OR of RS. The highest OR for achieving both sleep duration ≥6 h and RS was observed in the High group (OR 1.10; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.17). Moderate-to-high levels of WFH may provide a balance between achieving a sleep duration ≥6 h and better subjective sleep quality among non-shift white-collar workers.