Histamine in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications

Diabetic cardiovascular complications are the primary cause of diabetes-associated mortality. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy is complex; the main clinical manifestations include inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and coronary microcirculation disorders. Among these factors, inflammatory responses play a pivotal role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. The accumulation of histamine secreted by macrophages in multiple tissues of patients with diabetes mellitus is crucial for the onset and progression of the disease, particularly diabetic cardiovascular complications. Histamine and associated receptor-mediated signaling pathways are implicated in diabetic cardiovascular complications; however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear and warrant further investigation.