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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular tachycardia.
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
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Published on: October 28, 2020

Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation: Historical Evolution, Diagnostic Pitfalls, and a Pragmatic Clinical Approach.

Alessandro Parodi1, Marika Martini1, Annagrazia Cecere1

  • 1Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, 35128 Padua, Italy.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVHT) is a myocardial feature now viewed as a trait, not a distinct cardiomyopathy. Further research is needed to clarify its associations, mechanisms, and improve diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords:
cardiomyopathyhypertrabeculationleft ventricular hypertrabeculationleft ventricular non-compactionmanagementphenotypes

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Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
06:34

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
07:11

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
06:34

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVHT), formerly left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC), has evolving diagnostic criteria.
  • Current guidelines classify LVHT as a myocardial trait rather than a primary genetic cardiomyopathy.
  • Incomplete understanding persists regarding LVHT's pathophysiology, genetic basis, and associations with other syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management strategies for LVHT.
  • To address the diagnostic uncertainties and clinical challenges associated with LVHT.
  • To propose a practical clinical approach for managing patients with LVHT.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on LVHT.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and classification changes over time.
  • Examination of pathophysiological mechanisms and genetic underpinnings.
  • Evaluation of current management guidelines and clinical data.

Main Results:

  • LVHT recognition and classification have fluctuated, shifting from a cardiomyopathy to a trait.
  • Data linking LVHT to other syndromes and its molecular mechanisms remain inconclusive.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial to avoid over- or underdiagnosis and manage uncertainties.

Conclusions:

  • LVHT is a complex myocardial feature requiring further investigation.
  • Standardized data collection is essential for improved diagnostic accuracy and management.
  • A practical approach is proposed to aid clinicians in diagnosing and managing LVHT.