Ether linkages in phospholipids provide modular control of membrane mechanics

The structure of phospholipid headgroups and chains are well-established drivers of membrane elastic properties, but functions for different chemistries that join these moieties together are poorly understood. While canonical phospholipids feature ester linkages, alkyl ether- and plasmenyl-linked species emerged in prokaryotes, are highly abundant in metazoans, and have been implicated in neurodegeneration and aging. Ether phospholipid chemistry, and plasmenyl linkages in particular, arose independently several times in evolution, suggesting conserved functions in the structure of cell membranes. Here we combine experiments and molecular simulations to determine how backbone linkage chemistry modulates membrane mechanics. We find that ether linkages additively promote negative intrinsic curvature, destabilizing bilayers and enhancing membrane fusion. They also decouple membrane stiffness from viscosity, softening membranes while maintaining packing in the hydrophobic core. The plasmenyl linkage uniquely stabilizes the inverted hexagonal phase by lowering the energetic cost of chain stretching, providing a rationale for the evolution of its biosynthesis. These results explain the fusogenicity of ether lipids and show how they regulate membrane topology through multiple physical mechanisms. We propose that phospholipid backbone linkage chemistry constitutes a modular control element for membrane mechanics and topology.

The structure and dynamics of cell membranes can be sensitive to small chemical changes in their phospholipid building blocks. Phospholipids with ether bonds connecting their glycerol backbone and hydrocarbon chains have long been proposed to impart chemical stability to thermo- and acidophile microbial membranes, but have more recently been identified as major components of mammalian tissues. We show that ether linkages promote membrane dynamics through imposition of a canonical molecular geometry and by decoupling of bending stiffness from chain ordering. Plasmalogen lipids, in which the ether linkage is modified with a vicinal double bond, further promote non-lamellar topologies through a chain-stretching mechanism. These biophysical features suggest a basis for the repeated emergence of ether phospholipids in evolution and their observed functions in membrane trafficking. The thermodynamic and structural bases of plasmalogen function are especially notable as these lipids have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease.