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Related Concept Videos

Transformers in Distribution System01:27

Transformers in Distribution System

Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
Distribution substation transformers come in various ratings and typically use mineral oil for insulation and cooling. To prevent moisture and air from entering the oil, some transformers use an inert gas like nitrogen to fill the...
Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the rated...
Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
Transformers01:26

Transformers

A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the copper windings...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e
07:31

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e

Published on: February 17, 2023

Engineered transformer base editor with unconstrained PAM requirements.

Bowen Chen1, Yafei Tian1, Letong Liang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences and Taizhou Institute of Health Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.

Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transformer base editors (tBEs) were enhanced with SpRY for PAM-unlimited C-to-T editing, minimizing off-target effects. This new tBE-SpRY system is versatile for generating genetic mouse models and potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
AAVMT: RNA/DNA editingRPESpRYalbinismbase editormiceoff-targettBE

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e
07:31

Efficient PAM-Less Base Editing for Zebrafish Modeling of Human Genetic Disease with zSpRY-ABE8e

Published on: February 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Editing Technologies
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Canonical base editors (BEs) enable precise nucleotide conversions but are limited by off-target (OT) effects.
  • Transformer base editors (tBEs) reduce DNA/RNA OT mutations but require dual sgRNAs, limiting targeting scope.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel base editor with expanded targeting scope and reduced off-target effects.
  • To create a PAM-flexible base editing system for efficient genetic modification.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of the PAM-relaxed SpRY variant into the transformer base editor (tBE) to create tBE-SpRY.
  • Testing of tBE-SpRY for C-to-T editing in various cell lines, ex vivo, and in vivo.
  • Assessment of off-target DNA and RNA mutations and editing efficiency in mouse models.

Main Results:

  • tBE-SpRY achieved robust, PAM-unlimited C-to-T editing across cell lines with minimal off-target DNA and negligible RNA editing.
  • Efficient generation of albino C57BL/6J mice via zygote microinjection of tBE-SpRY components.
  • Modest C-to-T modifications observed in ocular tissues following dual AAV-mediated delivery in mice.

Conclusions:

  • tBE-SpRY offers a safe and PAM-flexible platform for base editing.
  • The system is effective for generating genetic mouse models.
  • tBE-SpRY holds potential for future therapeutic applications in gene editing.