Emerging Nanotherapy Applications in Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in cancer nanotherapy, focusing on 6 emerging categories: immunomodulation, gene/RNA delivery, theranostics, radiosensitization, biomimetic carriers, and artificial intelligence (AI)-guided formulations. These innovative platforms demonstrate transformative potential by overcoming key limitations of conventional cancer treatments. Immunomodulatory nanoparticles reprogram tumor microenvironments and convert immunologically "cold" tumors to "hot" responsive states. Gene delivery systems enable precise editing with >50% efficiency, while theranostic platforms integrate real-time imaging with targeted therapy. Radiosensitizers amplify local radiation dose by twofold, and biomimetic carriers achieve prolonged circulation through immune evasion. An AI-driven approaches optimize personalized formulations based on patient-specific biomarkers. Clinical evidence shows promising safety profiles with predominantly mild-to-moderate adverse events across multiple Phase I-III trials. While nanotherapy represents a paradigm shift in precision oncology, addressing manufacturing reproducibility, long-term safety, and regulatory harmonization remains essential for full clinical translation.